On Odors and Air Quality

Forget Beijing, walk down the street in New York City and you will see people wearing facemasks like it’s cool. Actually, it is kind of cool, but it is really sad when you think about it. It’s also pretty sad because these facemasks will do mostly nothing to help your exposure to air pollution. What you really want is a NIOSH-Approved N95 Particulate Filtering Facepiece Respirators.

Air quality should be a big deal at this time of year. Not sure where you’re reading this from, but here in New Jersey, or perhaps the greater Northeast, summer brings with it daily air quality alerts. This is where you can’t breathe too much during the hours of 11am and 11pm. Mostly these alerts have to do with ozone, which is good when it’s up in the air blocking UV rays, but not so good when it's at ground level being inhaled by you.

There are plenty of other pollutants in our air, and those living in a metropolitan area should know about these things. As will be repeated below, air pollution is the world’s largest single environmental health risk.

While I was reading a great article about a massive data-fueled smell map, I came across this passage, and figured it’s good enough on its own to put here, because it makes a really important distinction between odor and air pollution.

From the article “Smelly Maps: The Digital Life of Urban Smellscapes,” in their methodology section, about the air quality of streets and how it effects their data:

“The olfactory experience of a city is inevitably influenced also by the quality of the air, measured by the amount of pollutants that are emitted in the atmosphere by several human activities. It is useful to clarify the differences between air pollutants and odors. Air pollutants are chemicals that, when released into the air, pose potential harm to human and environmental health. These chemicals may or may not be detected through the human senses (McGinley, Mahin, and Pope 2000). Some air pollutants have odors (e.g., benzene has a sickly sweet odor) while others, such as carbon monoxide, cannot be detected through the senses of smell. Air pollution is the world’s largest single environmental health risk, being the cause of one in eight of the total premature global deaths, according to the World’s Health Organization.” http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2014/air-pollution/en/

This goes on to list the handful of pollutants that are measured in cities: carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, ozone, particulate matter at both 10 and 2.5 micrograms, and sulfur dioxide.

Later, in another section, the authors mention this, which gives us an inkling that odor detection and air pollution detection could become good friends:

“ Barcelona is predominantly characterized by smells related to food and nature, while London is characterized by smells related to traffic emissions and waste. As The Economist puts it: “In 2013 the annual mean concentration of NO2 on Oxford street was one of the highest levels found anywhere in Europe.” (The Economist 2015).

One way to detect an area where local, point-source air pollution might be a problem is to look for areas with less nature. The authors of this study found that many odors were complementary, so that odors of “nature” were not found near odors of “emissions” (i.e., pollution)

Before closing I should mention that odors as co-pollutants can indicate pollution levels high enough to cause averse health effects. In a dissertation on the subject of urban odors, the author gives examples of a natural gas facility emitting benzene and a pig farm emitting H2S. In neither case did the pollutant itself smell, but the co-pollutants were enough to start an investigation.

-Curren, J. 2012. Characterization of Odor Nuisance. UCLA.

Notes:

McGinley, C.; Mahin, T.; and Pope, R. 2000. Elements of Successful Odor/Odour Laws. In WEF Odor/VOC 2000 Specialty Conference.

The Economist. 2015. The big smoke. Britain needs to do more to clean up its dirty air. January 10th.

Primary Source:

Quercia, Daniele, Rossano Schifanella, Luca Maria Aiello, and Kate McLean. 2015. “Smelly Maps: The Digital Life of Urban Smellscapes.” In Proceedings of the Ninth International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media (ICWSM 2015). Palo Alto, CA: AAAI Publications. 327-336. Accessed November 28, 2016. http://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/ICWSM/ICWSM15/paper/view/10572.

Full pdf:

https://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/ICWSM/ICWSM15/paper/view/10572/10516

Post Script:

The Evolution of Face-mask Fashion, bjournal.co, Dec 2015.

http://bjournal.co/the-evolution-of-face-mask-fashion/

Image source: link

Lo Fi Biometric Data

Missing Florida woman found after she bottled her scent

July 2017, BBC

Yes it’s true – you can swab your armpits, put that swab in a jar for the next twenty years, and eventually use it to find yourself amidst your own sliver alert (a public alert system for missing persons in the US).

If you haven’t read the 1985 olfactory crime thriller Perfume, you might not think the same thing when you read headlines like this. In the story, the main character with the nose of steel wraps bodies in a cocoon of fat-laced paper, absorbing the victim’s unique scent, and concentrating it into a kind of olfactive mind control substance that allows him to shapeshift his own persona while committing more crimes or just turning an entire town into an orgy.

Anyway, in the same era where employers are chipping their workers, and face rec algorithms are so good they can be used with as much accuracy as a fingerprint, it’s cool to see such simple methods for finding missing persons.

Post Script

 The conversation on my last date led to her revealing to me the secret techniques of pet detectives (yes they exist). Her cat escaped from her apartment, and never having been outside the apartment, could not figure out how to get back in. Turns out that what a pet detective does is have you piss in a bottle, then spill that bottle outside the front door to your apartment. It’s not enough that your neighbors will complain, but certainly enough that your cat will recognize it as a sign of home, and begin hanging out around where you spilled your piss, and eventually you will be reunited. (And probably because this is what I end up talking about on dates, I’m still single, no pet detective necessary to solve that one.)

image source: shutterstock

On Very Large Databases

human metabolome database

The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology has this prescription for a periodic table of proteins, organizing protein complexes based on simple rules, tens of thousands of protein complexes each with their own 3-d structures, let us recall the hypothetical smell network of all possible smells as they occur to all people – the Lingua Anosmia.

There is a strong connection between olfaction and the growing databases of bioinformatics, because smells are organic entities themselves.

There is another database I envy, the human metabolome. It contains 40,000 entries, all the metabolites that exist within and among the human body. This one has even closer affinity with olfaction, because lots of metabolites smell; and if they don't smell, they are the molecules that eventually separate and combine to make something that does smell. Knowing the relationships among the molecules associated with smelly activity can help to organize the resulting smells of said metabolic activity. Your body odor does not come from your body - unless we consider our microbiome to be part of our body. Molecules that exit your body via sweat are deposited on the skin, a buffet plate for the colonies of bacteria that live with us. They eat your sweat and shit the body odor that you tend to consider yours. The smell of the beach is a secondary metabolite of seaweed, which means the same thing – sea bacteria eat the waste, or the metabolites, of seaweed.

Yes, that beautiful, intoxicating, deep and alluring scent of the seashore is to the ocean what body odor is to our bodies.

In conclusion, metabolites, and many things biological, and in their new supersized databasable format, are a step closer to the realization of the hypothetical smell network, the Lingua Anosmia.

I’d like to ask the driven and capable reader to hook-up this human metabolome with some smell data; I’d love to see it. Had I the time and expertise, I'd like to hook it up myself, but alas; it's on my list.

Post Script
Periodic Table of Proteins – University of Cambridge – Dec 2015

“We’re bringing a lot of order into the messy world of protein complexes”

-Sebastian Ahnert

Long form description of the Human Metabolomic Database:

The database is designed to contain or link three kinds of data: 1) chemical data, 2) clinical data, and 3) molecular biology/biochemistry data. The database contains 41,993 metabolite entries including both water-soluble and lipid soluble metabolites as well as metabolites that would be regarded as either abundant (> 1 uM) or relatively rare (< 1 nM). Additionally, 5,701 protein sequences are linked to these metabolite entries. Each MetaboCard entry contains more than 110 data fields with 2/3 of the information being devoted to chemical/clinical data and the other 1/3 devoted to enzymatic or biochemical data. Many data fields are hyperlinked to other databases (KEGG, PubChem, MetaCyc, ChEBI, PDB, UniProt, and GenBank) and a variety of structure and pathway viewing applets. The HMDB database supports extensive text, sequence, chemical structure and relational query searches. Four additional databases, DrugBank, T3DB, SMPDB andFooDB are also part of the HMDB suite of databases. DrugBank contains equivalent information on ~1600 drug and drug metabolites, T3DB contains information on ~3600 common toxins and environmental pollutants, SMPDB contains pathway diagrams for ~700 human metabolic and disease pathways, whileFooDB contains equivalent information on ~28,000 food components and food additives.

Citing the Human Metabolome Database:

1. Wishart DS, Tzur D, Knox C, et al., HMDB: the Human Metabolome Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2007 Jan;35(Database issue):D521-6. 17202168

2. Wishart DS, Knox C, Guo AC, et al., HMDB: a knowledgebase for the human metabolome.Nucleic Acids Res. 2009 37(Database issue):D603-610. 18953024

3. Wishart DS, Jewison T, Guo AC, Wilson M, Knox C, et al., HMDB 3.0 — The Human Metabolome Database in 2013. Nucleic Acids Res. 2013. Jan 1;41(D1):D801-7. 23161693

Constructing an Urban Smell Map

Must be something in the air. Over the past few years, many artists/scientists have been making smell maps of their cities. Victoria Henshaw is the most popular, with her “smellwalks” and her book Urban Smellscapes. But there’s others, like Kate McLean’s Sensory Maps, and Jason Logan’s handscrawled Scents and the City (seen above).

I think it’s just that maps are becoming a big deal. Something about big data, social media, and GIS interface. Maybe that Snapchat debacle too. The smell map we’re looking at today wraps up all three of these, and makes a very ambitious project into a neat interactive plaything. I wasn’t satisfied with the map, however, and was way more interested in the Urban Smell Dictionary they created in order to make their map I the first place. I was suspicious, so I went through their full report.

So here goes:

First they conducted smellwalks in each of the cities to be mapped (London and Barcelona), and along with some previous literature on the subject, they used the words generated on these smellwalks to support their lexicon. Then they collected geo-referenced picture tags from Flickr (530K), Instagram (35K), and Twitter (113K). Those tags and tweets were matched with the words in the smell dictionary, and voila!

The lexicon, in detail:

First they did some co-occurrence modeling, so that smell-words that appear in the same post/tweet are related. Then they used network analysis software, also called a community structure detection algorithm. InfoMap is the one they used, but they did further partitioning with another program.

The result?

Urban Smellscape Aroma Wheel

Who did it?

University of Turin computer science professor Rossano Schifanella, and Bell Labs researchers Luca Maria Aiello and Daniele Quercia.

Image source: “I Smell NY” Smell Map by Jason Logan

Notes:

Quercia, Daniele, Rossano Schifanella, Luca Maria Aiello, and Kate McLean. 2015. “Smelly Maps: The Digital Life of Urban Smellscapes.” In Proceedings of the Ninth International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media (ICWSM 2015). Palo Alto, CA: AAAI Publications. 327-336. Accessed November 28, 2016.

http://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/ICWSM/ICWSM15/paper/view/10572

Full pdf:

https://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/ICWSM/ICWSM15/paper/view/10572/10516

Post Script:

There was a really cool observation made during their report which I’d like to explain here. In the remarks they make about “base notes,” there's some good entropy data in there somewhere, about smells, awareness, and the amount of time you spend in a place/some measure of odor-attenuation.

Let's start with their explanation of "notes" (and I’ll just quote from the paper)

“When a new perfume is created, different top, middle, and base note ingredients are combined to make the new fragrance. Those notes differ in terms of their tenacity. Top notes are those perceived immediately (e.g., citrus fruits, aromatic herbs) and, since they are intense, they are also volatile and evaporate quickly. By contrast, base notes are those adding depth and stay on the skin for hours (e.g., wood, moss, amber, and vanilla). Middle notes sit somewhere in between (e.g., flowers, spices, berries).”

Now they explain the urban smellscape:

“Base notes. The macro-level base notes for the urban smellscape are those that are likely smelled by a city’s first-timer visitors. That is because known odors are unconsciously processed by people, while only unfamiliar or strong odors are brought to people’s attention (as potential threats or sources of pleasure). As a result, residents are not likely to pay attention to their city’s base notes, while visitors would be able to consciously process them.

“Mid-level notes. As one moves through the city, the base notes blend with dominant smells that are localized in specific areas (e.g., factories, fish markets).

“High notes. Finally, the micro-level high notes are shortlived odors (e.g., goods from a leather shop). These are emitted in points that are very localized in space and time. … High notes are likely to go undetected because of data sparsity and because of our spatial unit of analysis being a street segment.”

And one more thing, I’m like how do you say this and not cite it??

 “Air pollutants also have been found to reduce the ability of floral scent trails to travel through air.”

-I’ve never heard this, and they provide no citation

Firmenich and the Ecstasy of Saint Theresa

Secrecy. That’s a really important thing about the flavor and fragrance industry. Funny how New Jersey has to be the global capital of this industry, a state which is more commonly known as the dirty-money mafia capital where people get mysteriously buried in concrete. No relation though, just coincidence. In fact, I’m not sure how New Jersey came to be the flavor and fragrance capital of the world, but it is. More than half the world’s ingredients come from a small strip of this small state. At least one of those ingredients, Hedione, which we’ll describe in a moment, is produced exclusively here in NJ, and is part of 95% of all consumer products, globally, that have flavoring or fragrance added.

Hedione is produced by Firmenich, the biggest flavor and fragrance company there is. I went there today as part of an occupational health and safety class where we visit real sites and check out their digs. They brainwash us afterwards, like the men-in-black thing.

Firmenich, the facility that actually makes the ingredients, is in Newark. They have other locations. Our contact says “we also have R&D labs all over the place, but they’re very non-descript; you would never notice; nobody knows where they are; I don’t even know where they are.”  Again, that’s how fragrance works.*

They mostly make chemical ingredients, but they also do a little bit of research here, and these special folks are called Noses. If you work here, I don’t care if you’re a truck driver (I think they contract those guys out, actually) you can be a nose. Noses, from what I understand, are people who can smell pretty good. But they’re also people who can smell Hedione. Apparently, and I feel I should know more about this, but our contact tells us that only 2% of the population can really smell Hedione. Therefore, if you work for this facility, and you can smell it, your job is to, once in a while, sniff a batch and make sure it’s ok for use. Reminder – there is no electronic nose that can do this, only humans can tell if a smell is “good for use.”

If you’re a bit confused, you should be. I just said that Hedione is used in 95% of all products, but only 2% can smell it. ??? Well, after a bit of poking around, particularly my most favorite site for checking this kind of stuff, Perfume Shrine, I can say this – it seems like you can’t actually smell Hedione, but you can, at the same time. You can tell when it’s not there, and you can sense that a fragrance has something special in it when it’s present, but when isolated, you can’t smell anything.

Let’s just say that Hedione is absolutely critical for perfumery, and Firmenich has the market cornered. I thought about that as I sat in the presentation room, listening to our contact, smelling the warm, tangy, rough-spicy hint of my Italian Cypress creeping to my noseholes. Those molecules in my perfume came from this factory.

 

Ecstasy of St. Theresa, Bernini, 1650

We leave the presentation room and begin our tour. We walk inside one of the reactor pads where they turn raw ingredient-chemicals into fragrance industry components. It’s a huge building, and the equipment rises far above our heads. It looks like what you would expect – a big, metal, cylindrical reactor vessel, braced on all sides like the Eiffel Tower, penetrated by myriad hoses and gauges and pressure relief valves. The floors dusty concrete with long drainage grates running along the length of them. It’s not so big in terms of its footprint, but it goes up forever, and it’s ominous.

“This reactor is for Hedione. Strictly Hedione.” Other ones are used for different things, depending, but this one is dedicated. I smell something. If it’s not Hedione, well, I don’t know what the hell it is, because I may be smelling a thousand different things right now. And speaking of now, this post isn’t about Hedione, or secrecy in the perfume industry; it’s about what happens next.

Ecstasy of St. Theresa, Bernini, 1650, detail

We leave the Hedione reactor and go next door to another pad that processes a bunch of chemical ingredients all in the same building. Limonene, Citronellol, Geraniol, Linalool, the list keeps going. Same ominous, towering vats, hoses and pressure valves, metal and concrete and warning signs. After about five seconds of standing there, I was overcome with what I can only call the scariest thing I have ever smelled.

Now, I’m not even sure what that means, because how can a smell be scary?

I mean, I know we can “smell” fear, but that’s not what I’m talking about. You look at these pictures from the Renaissance, for example, religious pictures of people shielding their eyes from God – he’s so powerful they can’t even look at him. Your eyes can’t see something that powerful.

That is not to say that in this place it smelled bad, like the kind of smell that makes you twist your head backwards. It smelled scary. It smelled like something I could never understand. It smelled like omnipotence, and I was paralyzed.

I’m sure it was my brain doing this to me, at least a little. I knew that I was smelling a total mélange of the most complex proportions and in very stiff concentrations; I know that by the time you mix more than three or four chemicals together, your brain can no longer tell the difference between them. (So do I really know, from a sensory perspective, that this thing I smell is made of so many different chemicals?)

Nonetheless, there I stood, for the first time noticing that this room is well over one hundred feet tall, such that I cannot see the top of the reactor. And the smell that is both accidentally and purposefully leaking out of it is the scariest thing I have ever smelled. Our contact is talking to us; I can’t hear a thing he says, and I can’t move.

I was stuck so still that I could feel my skull moving involuntarily inside the flesh of my face, and trying not to, and the space between my bones and my flesh tingled with fear and paralysis. This is, to my imagination, what it would be like to “see God.” I’m not so much a religious guy, so I don’t really know what I mean by this, I have heard people say things like this, at least when I studied art history and the Renaissance and philosophy and Aquinas etc. I have heard people talk about seeing God and wondered what they meant by that. I’m too visually jaded to imagine what that would mean, to “see God.”

I was an art teacher for 10 years and an art history major prior to that, so my visual cortex is a post-modern mess that has no place for God, that’s for sure. But that smell…It was so big, so complex, so beyond my capacity for perception, for understanding it, and it was like – although it was beyond my ability to perceive it, I could perceive that. I could comprehend it only so much as to know that it was beyond my comprehension.

There was a very sure, very palpable sense that there was something out there, something in that room, surrounding me, entering my body in fact, stimulating the neurons on the outside of my blood-brain barrier, something that I could not see. How do you know that you’re facing something that you can’t know?

Maybe it was the size of that reactor. I’ve seen stuff like this on tv, but this is the first time we’re visiting a ‘real factory’ and the first time I’ve been in front of something like this. And anywhere else, their massive reactor would smell too. But it wouldn’t smell like this. There was something tremendous about this, something totally incapacitating; it smelled like omniscience.

I’m still getting over it. I didn’t notice until I was driving home that I smelled like a thousand different things. All by myself in my car, with every breath I took, I smelled something completely different in turn: a warm note, a spicy note, a grapefruit, powdery incense, bubblegum, cold metal, the smell of the ocean, flowers of a dozen different kinds, one after another as I breathe again and again. This continued for the rest of the ride home, every breath, another facet of that thing I couldn't perceive in its totality, now came to me one piece at a time.

POST SCRIPT

I write a bit about why the fragrance industry operates in airtight secrecy here, tdlr – it’s because copyright, that’s why, or rather lack of copyright for arts related to both fashion and fragrance.

There’s other reasons too, reasons which even I would rather not mention, but I will: the general public is a bit paranoid when it comes to “chemicals” (did you just get chills up your spine when I said that?) and so if I was the fragrance industry, I think I would do the same; just keep things as quiet as possible.

The Fragrance Industry Speaks

On a sort of side note (this is the post script already, after all) – notice how perfumes have a list of chemicals on them. There’s a governing body that requires them to do that. Every year, a bunch of chemicals are decided to be dangerous enough that they should be listed on the bottle. Others are decided so dangerous they can no longer be used at all, requiring constant reformulations of your favorite scents. The thing is, when you see this list of chemicals, you think, ‘this is what’s in this bottle, this is what makes this thing smell like it does,’ but there’s hundreds of chemicals in there, hundreds. And the ones listed are only the ones that have to be listed. If you really look, it’s like every perfume is made of the same chemicals. That’s because a lot of the same ones are used in everything, just in different amounts, and with little tweaks here and there.

See the International Fragrance Association; they make the safety standards and say which chemicals are safe or are no longer safe for use. They are hated by perfume enthusiasts because they forbid chemicals, requiring reformulations of favorite and legendary perfumes. They are fodder for chemophobes who think the world has organized a systematic slaughtering of the population via slow, chemical carcinogenesis.

And then there’s this little something, about New Jersey, my most popular post to date:

What Exit - The Smells of the New Jersey Turnpike

Cracking the Black Box

New technique elucidates the inner workings of neural networks trained on visual data

Jul 2017, phys.org

"Deep learning" and "neural networks" are terms that have become firmly planted in our popular lexicon. They all refer to the same thing, which is an artificial brain-like thing that teaches itself via feedback loops. I talked about this in Hidden Scents because the way our brain decodes olfactory information is a lot like the way these deep learning networks process their own big data.

This deep learning approach is way more effective than traditional computing for lots of problems like facial recognition or natural language translation. They're also really good at handling Big Data, you  know, like all that stuff cybercriminals keep stealing for ransom? Thing is, once these networks 'figure out' how to do whatever it is that they do, we have no idea how they did it.

Usually, with traditional programming, we write the code, so we know what it does and how. With this, the network essentially writes its own program, and since it seems to know what it's doing, we don't ask how. We just take the results.

Until now. This is one of the researchers, quoted in phys.org:

"We catalogued 1,100 visual concepts—things like the color green, or a swirly texture, or wood material, or a human face, or a bicycle wheel, or a snowy mountaintop," says David Bau, an MIT graduate student in electrical engineering and computer science and one of the paper's two first authors. "We drew on several data sets that other people had developed, and merged them into a broadly and densely labeled data set of visual concepts. It's got many, many labels, and for each label we know which pixels in which image correspond to that label."

Here is the link to their work.

image source

Corpus of Hedonics

Looking at this paper today:

The Emotional and Chromatic Layers of Urban Smells. Daniele Quercia, Luca Maria Aiello, Rossano Schifanella. 2016.

https://arxiv.org/pdf/1605.06721.pdf

The chart above shows the relation between a smell-producing location, and the pleasantness of the words used on social media near that place. Most positive words are used near the Food category, and less near Waste. Nature has less happy words with it than Food, perhaps because of the happy activities people are doing in these areas, i.e., eating and being with friends. Regardless, this chart seems to make sense, and can serve as proof that this odor-hedonics data can be predictive of people's emotions.

Who cares? Someone like an urban planner can use this to get an idea of how to better arrange municipal facilities. Someone who wants to update local land use regulations could use this data to see which areas of town work and which ones don't. The study-authors mention the matching of this data to 'most optimal route' data to give the 'most pleasurable route' through a city.

They used a lot of semantic-hedonic smell knowledge from a previous study (Henshaw 2013) which organizes two lists of pleasant and unpleasant smells, and I'd like to just copy it here:

Pleasant smells

bread, baked, baked goods, coffee, coffees, aftershave, cut grass, grass, grassy, floral, flower, flowers, flowershop, flowery, lavender, lilies, lily, magnolia, rose, rosey, tulip, tulips, violet, violets, baby, babies, child, children, sea, seaside, countryside, cedar, cedarwood, conifer, dry grass, earth, earthy, eucalyptus, ground, leafy, leaves, old wood, pine, sandalwood, soil, tree, trees, wood, woodlands, woody, petrol, diesel, fuel, gasoline, soap powder, soap

Unpleasant smells

flatulence, fart, vomit, dog shit, dogshit, excrement, faeces, farts, feces, manure, shit, cigarette smoke, cigarette, cigarettes, cigar, cigars, smoker, tabacco, tobacco, pee, piss, ammonia, urine, public toilet, public toilets, toilet, toilets, urinal, urinals, gone-off milk, fish, rotten fish, rotten food, rotten, rotten fruit, rotten fruits, putrid, bus, buses, car, cars, exhaust, traffic, fume, fumes, body odour, body odor, sweat, sweaty, dirty clothes

  Henshaw, V. 2013. Urban Smellscapes: Understanding and Designing City Smell Environments. Routledge.

Post Script:

This is how they got to the bottom of their smellscape emotion chart:

"We set out to study the relationship between the smellscape and emotions on our data. To do so, we need to have a lexicon of emotion words. We use two of them: the “Linguistic Inquiry Word Count” (LIWC) (Pennebaker 2013), that classifies words into positive and negative emotions, and the “EmoLex” word-emotion lexicon (Mohammad and Turney 2013), that classifies words into eight primary emotions based on Plutchik’s psycho-evolutionary theory (Plutchik 1991) (i.e., anger, fear, anticipation, trust, surprise, sadness, joy, and disgust).

  Pennebaker, J. 2013. The Secret Life of Pronouns: What Our Words Say About Us. Bloomsbury.

  Plutchik, R. 1991. The emotions. University Press of America.

  Mohammad, S. M., and Turney, P. D. 2013. Crowdsourcing a word–emotion association lexicon. Computational Intelligence 29(3):436–465.

Secrets of Flavor

In Hidden Scents, I downplayed the clandestine nature of the flavor and fragrance industry, but it is a big part of the language of smell. This was actually one of the things that motivated me to write the book. Not only is smell (and flavor) inherently evasive to language, but the industries that work with these senses are required to keep their work under wraps.

Well, I guess they aren’t required to keep it secret, but they do, and because of the way this particular industry works. Food, as well as fashion, is not protected by copyright law. If you want to make a song, you can be sure that your hard work will pay off, because your song will be protected by copyright, which means that nobody else can say it’s theirs, and only you can reap the benefits. In flavor, fragrance, and fashion, that is not the case. You can’t copyright the Bernardo sandal (surely, they would have). So how else do you protect your hard work? You keep it a secret.

On a side note, I was in the Firmenich flavor plant in Newark, NJ, and our tour guide says that they have research facilities all over the place (primarily NJ, since this is the artificial flavor capital of the world), but that nobody knows where they are, and that you wouldn’t even notice if they were right next door, and in fact even he doesn’t know where they are.

So in short, these experts are expected to be secretive about their work; they have to. Still, it is one of the main obstacles in learning about the language we use to describe these flavors and fragrances – if we can’t even know what it is, how can we describe it? And as I’ve pointed out before, there are public arts funds for visual art and for music, but none for flavor/fragrance.* This guarantees that our public knowledge and public discourse about these topics are mediated by the commercial industry and not by our own personal, social experiences with them.

Flavorists, Experts in the Field of Natural and Artificial Flavoring, Work in Top Secret New Jersey Labs

March 2017, njmonthly  

“It’s a pretty secretive industry,” says Steve Ruocco, president of the Society of Flavor Chemists and a master flavorist at Maryland-based McCormick, the spice company. “You can’t disclose who your customers are,” because secret flavor formulas are often the bread and butter of the food and beverage manufacturers that hire flavor houses to innovate or improve their products. The formulas are what separate Hunt’s ketchup from Heinz and Skippy peanut butter from Jif.

*I would never neglect the only exception to this, the Institute for Art and Olfaction, based in Los Angeles. Started by the inimitable Saskia Wilson-Brown, the institute experiments and educates with scent to allow the public access to a world that is completely taken over by consumerism, and thus off-limits to those without the money to participate.

POST SCRIPT

Can’t talk about this topic of artificial flavors without mentioning Eric Schlosser’s Fast Food Nation, 2001. Great way to get inside the hi-tech flavor game (I say hi-tech, knowing the book is almost 20 years old; I’m sure there’ve been lots of developments since).

POST POST SCRIPT

The Bernardo sandal? Yes, this thing which I assume everyone takes for granted as having been a part of “fashion” for as long as people had two feet, is actually credited to Bernard Rudofsky and Berta Rudofsky. He was an architect and wrote the book, Are Clothes Modern, after curating a show at the MoMA by the same name. She was a teacher at the Black Mountain College, a school focused on the arts, and one known for producing influential people (Buckminster Fuller was a big name) in the art world and beyond, despite its short life. One summer they came up with this sandal, and it has completely taken over the world of open-toe footwear ever since. Perhaps, like Jonas Salk with his penicillin discovery, they may have given it away for free, as in, “how do you patent the sun?” But who knows. Bottom line, they couldn’t do it if they wanted, because you can’t copyright fashion.

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Code Smell

There's the thing in computer programming called Code Smell, and it refers to the finding of a problem in the code, like a funny smell in the code that indicates where the bugs are coming from.

So it's like, Here I am, having written a book on the language of smell, read every book in the Library of Congress on the subject, hundreds and hundreds of scientific articles, and thousands of web documents, and would you look at that? Never heard of it.

It gets better because apparently “developing your code nose” is a worthy pursuit for any programmer.

They aren't bugs per se, but more like a weakness in the code that increases the risk of a bug. Duplicated code, for example, gives off a code smell.

Further, there is a distinction made between Code Smell and Language Smell. One is for the way the code works and the other is for that actual language used in the code. In this case it’s called language smell, not code smell.

Poison Ivy Smells

It's poison ivy season. I have it right now, just a little bit. When I get a lot, I can smell it, not the plant, but I smell it coming out of my skin, usually a day or so after I've been dosed, but before the itching starts to come out. At times, it's the smell that alerts me, and that I should stop itching; itching always seems to make it worse.

I should probably know this already, but I decided today to look it up - what does poison ivy metabolize to while in the body? In other words, what am I smelling.

First, poison ivy has within it a thing called urushiol. It's a sap running through the veins of the plant, and anything that disturbs the plant will release this stuff as microdroplets onto whatever surface it touches. A walking animal, a biting insect, a gust of wind, your dog, a soccer ball rolling on the ground, your lawn mower, or my favorite, a chainsaw ripping through a down sycamore with a hidden 3 inch vine of poison ivy growing on it, in October, can send the stuff wafting in the air as you ride your bike past its cloud of crystalized urushiol that then gets unwittingly lodged in your beard. (By the time I discovered what happened, days later, it was way too late to shave.) That's an extreme event; it usually happens in summer, unless you're doing some thorough spring cleaning, and it usually doesn't 'waft through the air,' unless it's been projected by a chainsaw.

So urushiol gets on your skin, then it gets absorbed into the outer layer of your skin, as all oils do. But then, something else happens to the oil. It enters the blood, and your body breaks it down into some other chemical that is seen as an invader, and your body starts to fight it, leaving you with the collateral damage, that being your red, itchy, peeling, maybe scabbing skin.*

But this is the part where it smells. The body breaks down urushiol into quinones, and the quinone chemicals give you the reaction. The quinones also give you that smell. I look for urushiol metabolites, find quinone, or 1,4-Benzoquinone to be specific, and look for odor properties.

And?

"chlorine, bleach, and hot plastic"

Wow, that's it. That's what poison ivy smells like when it comes out of your body. See if you can pick it out this season, a day or so after that camping trip, but before the histamine hijacking begins.


*The poison ivy reaction will only appear where the oil originally touched you. Even though it has to get into your blood to become active, the activated metabolites do not travel around the body and show up in other places at random. Instead, they stay where they contacted you initially. This process, where the urushiol is converted into reactive quinone, happens at different rates on different parts of the body, because the thickness of our skin varies. The palms of your hands will never get poison ivy because they're too thick. The skin on your face, however, is very sensitive, and if your whole body got covered in one day, your face would probably get it first, and your forearms would get it maybe two days later, making it seem like it's spreading around in your blood, but it's not.


Notes

Urushiol on Toxnet, the US Hazardous Substance Database:
https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/a?dbs+hsdb:@term+@DOCNO+7485

ancillary sources:
http://www.poison-ivy.org/
http://students.umw.edu/healthcenter/files/2011/08/Poison-Ivy.pdf

Terminology

synthetic urushiol:
5-methyl-3-n-pentadecylcatechol
(commonly called catechols)

urushiol metabolite:
1,4-Benzoquinone
(commonly known as para-quinone,or simply quinone)

Post Script

Some good random facts from the internet:

• Only 1 nanogram (billionth of a gram) is needed to cause a rash.
• The average exposure for most people is 100 nanograms.
• 1/4 oz. of urushiol is all that is needed to cause a rash in every person on earth.
• 500 people could itch from the amount covering the head of a pin.
• Specimens of urushiol several centuries old have been found to cause dermatitis
• in sensitive people.
• 1 to 5 years is normal for urushiol oil to stay active on any surface including
• dead plants.
• The name is derived from urushi, the Japanese name for lacquer

Pee-You

Check it out - The Guessing Game of Smells

Question: What does "P.U." stand for?

Answer: It's a shortened term for puteo [also think of the word putrid], which is Latin for "to stink, be redolent, or smell bad." I actually called a professor of Latin at the University of Florida to verify this one.

It's actually spelled "piu," but is often pronounced as "pee-yew". It's root is the Indo-European word "pu," meaning to rot or decay. A lot of other languages use this root word and have the same general meaning.

-source

Synthetic Tongue

Snakes, and many reptiles, have a split tongue because they smell with their tongue, and the two-tongues let them know which direction the smell is coming from. Humans, however, have split tongues because they want to. Tongue-splitting is a form of body modification.

In other news:

Researchers use a synthetic 'tongue' to sort out whiskies

Jun 2017, phys.org

“These synthetic "tongues" can highlight similarities between whiskies, but they can't identify an unknown whisky from scratch, he says, "You start with a sample that you know is the real McCoy. Then you look at another sample, and you can say whether it's the same sample or it's not." In other words, these tongues would be great for spotting counterfeits of expensive luxury whiskies.”

Note that this synthetic tongue cannot taste like we do. Well, first of all, note that taste and smell are very similar; Humans don’t smell with our tongues like snakes do, but most of what we “taste” is actually perceived by our nose. Nonetheless, this synthetic whisky tongue still does not work the same way as our perceptive apparatus. This tongue can only identify pre-determined patterns. You give it one flavor profile to ‘sense,’ and ask whether a new sample matches that or not. You can’t give it any old thing and ask “what is this?”

Perhaps the most amazing thing about our olfactory sensory apparatus is that it begins as a blank slate, with no hardwiring for any smells whatsoever. Everything we smell, and everything we can identify, we learn. If we want this synthetic whisky tongue to be able to identify a whisky from scratch, we need it to grow up like a little human, learning every single smell from scratch, just like us.

This is the same old story with all of these reverse-engineered smell-and-taste organs. They cannot be used to sense the way we do, where they are able to identify any combination of hundreds of thousands chemicals. Instead, they are given one job, to smell one thing, and they either smell it or they don’t. It’s like making an eye that is only for seeing the color red. Red or no red. It doesn’t know the Pantone catalog, only that one red.  Instead of choosing from the infinite answers to the question “what do you smell,” these prostheses can only choose from two possible answers, yes and no.

To program a truly synthetic tongue, or better, a synthetic nose, is still very, very far beyond our capacity. In the meantime, things will progress as they do; one piece at a time, dividing the human capacity for information-gathering into myriad discrete operations, and recreating ourselves through the fractured image of technology.

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